Innovation used to be a linear trajectory from new knowledge to new product. Now innovation is neither singular nor linear, but systemic. It arises from complex interactions between many individuals, organizations and their operating environment. Firms which are successful in realizing the full returns from their technologies and innovations are able to match their technological developments with complementary expertise in other areas of their business, such as manufacturing, distribution, human resources, marketing, and customer service.

Innovation is not divisible – ‘good in parts’ is no good at all. Innovation systems are only as strong as their weakest links.

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Apple's Innovation Strategies

Google's Nine Notions of Innovation